Table 1 Included studies
References | Title | Type of study | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
Perl SH, Uzan-Yulzari A, Klainer H, Asiskovich L, Youngster M, Rinott E, Youngster I [28] | SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in breast milk after COVID-19 vaccination of breastfeeding women | Prospective study | SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG antibodies in breast milk for 6Â weeks after vaccination. IgA secretion was evident at 2Â weeks after vaccination followed by a spike in IgG after 4Â weeks (a week after the second vaccine) |
Garg I, Shekhar R, Sheikh AB, Pal S. [30] | COVID-19 Vaccine in pregnant and lactating women: a review of existing evidence and practice guidelines | Review | COVID-19 vaccines can be given to breastfeeding individuals who meet the criteria for vaccination based on ACIP- (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices) |
McLaurin-Jiang S, Garner CD, Krutsch K, Hale TW. [32] | Maternal and child symptoms following covid-19 vaccination among breastfeeding mothers | Cross-sectional survey | COVID-19 vaccination caused minimal disruption of lactation or adverse impact on the breastfed child |
Charepe N, Gonçalves J, Juliano AM, Lopes DG, Canhão H, Soares H, Serrano EF [10] | COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and antibody response in lactating women: a prospective cohort study | Prospective cohort study | The presence of antibodies in human milk is reported, but immunization through breastfeeding is yet to be established |
Bertrand K, Honerkamp-Smith G, Chambers CD [39] | Maternal and child outcomes reported by breastfeeding women following messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccination | Prospective cohort study | All mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are safe for lactating mothers |
Pérez-Bermejo M, Peris-Ochando B, Murillo-Llorente MT 2021 Martins I, Louwen F, Ayres-de-Campos D, Mahmood T. [40] | COVID-19: relationship and impact on breastfeeding-a systematic review European board of obstetrics and gynec (EBOG)position statement on COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women | Systematic Review | Direct breastfeeding and maintaining appropriate protective measures should be encouraged |
Muyldermans J, De Weerdt L, De Brabandere L, Maertens K, Tommelein E. [25] | The effects of COVID-19 vaccination on lactating women: a systematic review of the literature | Systematic review | There is evidence that the administration of a COVID-19 vaccine is safe and poses no additional risk to the breastfeeding woman or the breastfed baby |
Narayanaswamy V, Pentecost BT, Schoen CN, Alfandari D, Schneider SS, Baker R, Arcaro KF [15] | Neutralizing antibodies and cytokines in breast milk after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination | A cohort study on 30 lactating mothers | Elevation of interferon-γ. The immune response to maternal vaccination was reflected in breastfed infants: anti-RBD IgG and anti-RBD IgA were detected in 33% and 30% of infant stool samples (Passive immunity against Covid -19 |
Pace RM, Williams JE, Järvinen KM, Belfort MB, Pace CDW, Lackey KA, Gogel AC, Nguyen-Contant P, Kanagaiah P, Fitzgerald T, Ferri R, Young B, Rosen-Carole C, Diaz N, Meehan CL, Caffé B, Sangster MY, Topham D, McGuire MA, Seppo A, McGuire MK [16] | Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity in milk produced by women with COVID-19 | In Vitro study | 62% of the milk samples were able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 whereas milk samples collected before the COVID-19 pandemic were unable to do so |
Lechosa-Muñiz C, Paz-Zulueta M, Mendez-Legaza JM, Irure-Ventura J, Cuesta González R, Calvo Montes J, López-Hoyos M, Llorca J, Cabero-Pérez MJ [37] | Induction of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA in serum and milk with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in breastfeeding women: a cross-sectional study in northern Spain. I | Clinical trials | Vaccines given to breastfeeding mothers offer their infants IgA and IgG isotype antibodies directed against SARS-CoV-2 protein S in breast milk |
Lamers M, van der Mijle A, van Hunsel F, de Vries L, van Puijenbroek E, Ceulemans M [41] | COVID-19 vaccination during breastfeeding and its possible negative effect on milk production and supply: a preliminary observation | Observational study | occurrence of reduced milk supply appears to be low and transient, |
Pang Z, Hu R, Tian L, Lou F, Chen Y, Wang S, He S, Zhu S, An X, Song L, Liu F, Tong Y, Fan H [6] | Overview of breastfeeding under COVID-19 pandemic | Overview | Breastfeeding is to be continued with recommendations and guidance for breastfeeding set by international organizations |
Rosenberg-Friedman M, Kigel A, Bahar Y, Werbner M, Alter J, Yogev Y, Dror Y, Lubetzky R, Dessau M, Gal-Tanamy M, Many A, Wine Y [53] | BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-elicited antibody response in blood and milk of breastfeeding women | Prospective study | The response in breast milk includes both IgG and IgA with neutralization capacity |
Whited N, Cervantes J [27] | Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human breast milk after vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Systematic review | of high rates of positivity for antibodies in breast milk following COVID-19 immunizations |
Olearo F, Radmanesh LS, Felber N, von Possel R, Emmerich P, Pekarek N, Pfefferle S, Nörz D, Hansen G, Diemert A, Aepfelbacher M, Hecher K, Lütgehetmann M, Arck PC, Tallarek AC [42] | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk during lactation after infection or vaccination: a cohort study | Cohort Study | Breast milk antibodies in all groups showed neutralization capacities against an early pandemic SARS-CoV-2 isolate (HH-1) and Omicron variant, although with lower antibody titer |
Mulleners SJ, Juncker HG, van Gils MJ, van Goudoever JB, van Keulen BJ [31] | Human milk antibody response after combining two different COVID-19 vaccines: mix-and-match | Clinical trials | heterologous vaccination with AZD1222 and an mRNA-based vaccine can elicit a significant SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA response in human milk |
Perez SE, Luna Centeno LD, Cheng WA, Marentes Ruiz CJ, Lee Y, Congrave-Wilson Z, Powell RL, Stellwagen L, Pannaraj PS [26] | Human milk SARS-CoV-2 antibodies up to 6 months after vaccination | Prospective longitudinal study | The data suggest that human milk SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies may be available to milk-fed infants for up to 6Â months |
Abuidhail J, Tamim F, Abdelrahman RY, Al-Shalabi E [59] | Knowledge and practices of breastfeeding mothers towards prevention of the emerging coronavirus (COVID-19) | Cross-sectional study | Participants have basic knowledge about COVID-19 in general, but they have improper preventive breastfeeding practices against the disease |
Mosalli R, Paes B [17] | Setting realistic goals for feeding infants when their mothers have suspected or confirmed COVID-19 | Review | parents should fully understand the current evidence, availability of personnel to support breastfeeding, protective spaces, caseloads, and resources available to implement existing recommendations |
Peroni DG, Fanos V [4] | Lactoferrin is an important factor when breastfeeding and COVID-19 are considered | Review | we believe that early breastfeeding provides vital prevention during viral epidemics, due to the high value of colostrum and breast milk and the specific role of lactoferrin |
Vazquez-Vazquez A, Dib S, Rougeaux E, Wells JC, Fewtrell MS [73] | The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the experiences and feeding practices of new mothers in the UK: Preliminary data from the COVID-19 new mum study | Data review | Lockdown has impacted maternal experiences, resulting in distress for many women |
Low JM, Low YW, Zhong Y, Lee CYC, Chan M, Ng NBH, Amin Z, Ng YPM. [29] | Titers and neutralizing capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk: a systematic review | Systematic review | Human milk of lactating individuals after COVID-19 infection contains anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM, and/or IgA, even after mild or asymptomatic infection |
Davanzo R [60] | Breastfeeding at the time of COVID-19: do not forget expressed mother's milk, please | Review | Breastfeeding at the time of COVID-19: do not forget expressed mother's milk |
Walker KF, O'Donoghue K, Grace N, Dorling J, Comeau JL, Li W, Thornton JG [69] | Maternal transmission of SARS-COV-2 to the neonate, and possible routes for such transmission: a systematic review and critical analysis | systematic review and critical analysis | wear a fluid-resistant surgical face mask, if available while feeding or caring for the baby |