Table 3 Odds of SDoH among HbA_1c groups, adjusted for age and sex

Food security

 Within the past 12 months, you worried that your food would run out before you got the money to buy more.

  Never true

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Sometimes/often true

Ref

1.34 (0.91–1.97)

1.53 (0.72–3.28)

 Within the past 12 months, the food you bought just didn’t last and you didn’t have money to get more.

  Never true

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Sometimes/often true

Ref

1.32 (0.84–2.08)

1.23 (0.48–3.14)

 How hard is it for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

  Somewhat to very hard

Ref

1.43 (1.05–1.95)

1.44 (0.77–2.71)

  Not very hard/not hard at all

Ref

Ref

Ref

Social connections

 In a typical week, how many times do you talk on the phone with family, friends, or neighbors?

  Never

Ref

1.69 (0.91–3.12)

0.89 (0.20–4.04)

  Once or twice a week

Ref

1.40 (1.07–1.85)

0.98 (0.50–1.93)

  Three or more times a week

Ref

Ref

Ref

 How often do you get together with friends or relatives?

  Never

Ref

1.88 (1.17–3.02)

2.09 (0.86–5.06)

  Once or twice a week

Ref

1.08 (0.81–1.45)

0.72 (0.38–1.37)

  Three or more times a week

Ref

Ref

Ref

 How often do you attend church or religious services?

  Never

Ref

0.95 (0.72–1.25)

1.23 (0.65–2.31)

  At least once per year

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Do you belong to any clubs or organizations such as church groups, unions, fraternal or athletic groups, or school groups?

  Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

  No

Ref

1.09 (0.84–1.42)

1.62 (0.86–3.07)

 How often do you attend meetings of the clubs or organizations you belong to?

  Never

Ref

1.03 (0.79–1.36)

1.44 (0.77–2.70)

  At least 1 time per year

Ref

Ref

Ref