Table 1 Weighted basic characteristics of screened participants(N = 2896) before PSM

Age, years (%)

< 0.0001

 <50

62.33 (58.98 ,65.57)

73.24 (70.04 ,76.21)

15.43 (11.38 ,20.59)

 ≥50

37.67 (34.43 ,41.02)

26.76 (23.79 ,29.96)

84.57 (79.41 ,88.62)

Race (%)

0.0023

 Mexican American

7.68 (5.45 ,10.74)

8.11 (5.87 ,11.10)

5.87 (3.37 ,10.04)

 Other Hispanic

3.42 (2.19 ,5.30)

3.17 (2.10 ,4.74)

4.52 (2.26 ,8.84)

 Non-Hispanic white

75.27 (70.71 ,79.32)

74.12 (69.44 ,78.30)

80.20 (74.60 ,84.81)

 Non-Hispanic black

9.71 (7.56 ,12.38)

10.24 (7.92 ,13.15)

7.41 (5.33 ,10.19)

 Other

3.92 (2.93 ,5.22)

4.36 (3.16 ,6.01)

2.00 (1.03 ,3.88)

Education (%)

< 0.0001

 Less than high school

14.71 (13.03 ,16.58)

11.86 (10.37 ,13.52)

27.01 (22.60 ,31.93)

 High school diploma

25.45 (22.96 ,28.12)

26.01 (23.35 ,28.85)

23.06 (19.04 ,27.62)

 More than high school

59.83 (56.75 ,62.84)

62.14 (59.23 ,64.96)

49.93 (45.21 ,54.65)

PIR (%)

0.0272

 <2

26.08 (23.78 ,28.52)

25.12 (22.69 ,27.72)

30.22 (25.78 ,35.08)

 ≥2

73.92 (71.48 ,76.22)

74.88 (72.28 ,77.31)

69.78 (64.92 ,74.22)

Smoking (%)

< 0.0001

 Yes

56.54 (53.11 ,59.90)

53.13 (49.53 ,56.70)

71.20 (66.05 ,75.86)

 No

43.46 (40.10 ,46.89)

46.87 (43.30 ,50.47)

28.80 (24.14 ,33.95)

BMI (kg/m²) (%)

< 0.0001

 <25

29.16 (26.59 ,31.87)

30.80 (27.74 ,34.03)

22.14 (18.78 ,25.91)

 25-29.99

40.69 (38.22 ,43.20)

41.26 (38.60 ,43.97)

38.21 (34.24 ,42.35)

 ≥30

30.15 (27.54 ,32.90)

27.94 (25.04 ,31.04)

39.65 (34.65 ,44.87)

Hypertension (%)

< 0.0001

 No

66.09 (62.39 ,69.60)

71.36 (67.43 ,74.99)

43.40 (38.42 ,48.52)

 Yes

33.91 (30.40 ,37.61)

28.64 (25.01 ,32.57)

56.60 (51.48 ,61.58)

Diabetes (%)

< 0.0001

 No

89.81 (88.44 ,91.04)

93.96 (92.55 ,95.12)

71.96 (67.46 ,76.06)

 Yes

10.19 (8.96 ,11.56)

6.04 (4.88 ,7.45)

28.04 (23.94 ,32.54)

Vigorous activity status (%)

< 0.0001

 Yes

40.55 (37.47 ,43.70)

45.62 (42.25 ,49.03)

18.72 (15.01 ,23.10)

 No

59.45 (56.30 ,62.53)

54.38 (50.97 ,57.75)

81.28 (76.90 ,84.99)

Moderate activity status (%)

0.0001

 Yes

59.38 (56.50 ,62.19)

61.23 (57.98 ,64.37)

51.42 (47.03 ,55.79)

 No

40.62 (37.81 ,43.50)

38.77 (35.63 ,42.02)

48.58 (44.21 ,52.97)

Testosterone (%)

0.001

 Low

2.02 (1.43 ,2.84)

1.53 (1.05 ,2.22)

4.14 (2.49 ,6.81)

 Normal

12.08 (10.23 ,14.22)

12.64 (10.57 ,15.06)

9.66 (6.77 ,13.61)

 Unknown

85.90 (83.71 ,87.84)

85.83 (83.36 ,87.98)

86.20 (82.67 ,89.11)

Depression (%)

< 0.0001

 Yes

3.16 (2.31 ,4.30)

3.83 (2.82 ,5.18)

0.26 (0.06 ,1.09)

 No

14.93 (12.67 ,17.50)

17.85 (15.19 ,20.85)

2.36 (1.30 ,4.24)

 Unknown

81.92 (79.17 ,84.37)

78.32 (75.22 ,81.13)

97.38 (95.31 ,98.55)

CDAI (mean)

2.30 (0.32)

2.55 (0.35)

1.23 (0.41)

< 0.0001