Table 1 Adolescents’ individual level, social and physical environment characterisitcs by sex
Characterisitcs | Total (N = 607) | Male (N = 243) | Female (N = 364) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level characteristics | |||||
Age | 10–14 years | 388 (63.9) | 163 (67.1) | 225 (61.8) | 0.19 |
15–19 years | 219 (36.1) | 80 (32.9) | 139 (38.2) | ||
Education level | 0–4 years | 142 (23.4) | 64 (26.3) | 78 (21.4) | 0.37 |
4–8 years | 321 (52.9) | 124 (51.0) | 197 (54.1) | ||
≥ 8 years | 144 (23.7) | 55 (22.6) | 89 (24.5) | ||
Meal skipping/day | 0 meals | 448 (73.8) | 193 (79.4) | 255 (70.1) | 0.01 |
≥ 1 meal | 159 (26.2) | 50 (20.6) | 109 (29.9) | ||
Energy intake (Kcal/day) | Mean (SD) | 1604 (550) | 1636 (511) | 1581 (574) | 0.15 |
Social environment characteristics | |||||
Ethnicity | Kikuyu | 185 (30.5) | 82 (33.7) | 103 (28.3) | 0.16 |
Luo | 124 (20.4) | 41 (16.9) | 83 (22.8) | ||
Luhya | 97 (16.0) | 34 (14.0) | 63 (17.3) | ||
Kamba | 118 (19.4) | 54 (22.2) | 64 (17.6) | ||
Other (Specify) | 83 (13.7) | 32 (13.2) | 51 (14.0) | ||
Household wealth index | Poorest | 119 (19.7) | 44 (18.1) | 75 (20.7) | 0.16 |
Poorer | 123 (20.3) | 46 (18.9) | 77 (21.3) | ||
Middle | 124 (20.5) | 62 (25.5) | 62 (17.1) | ||
Richer | 115 (19.0) | 42 (17.3) | 73 (20.2) | ||
Richest | 124 (20.5) | 49 (20.2) | 75 (20.7) | ||
Household average daily food expenditure (Ksh) | ≤ 100 | 24 (4.0) | 7 (2.9) | 17 (4.7) | 0.026 |
101–500 | 547 (90.4) | 229 (94.2) | 318 (87.8) | ||
> 500 | 34 (5.6) | 7 (2.9) | 27 (7.5) | ||
Physical environment characteristics | |||||
Slum of residence | Korogocho | 179 (29.5) | 74 (30.5) | 105 (28.8) | 0.7 |
Viwandani | 179 (29.5) | 67 (27.6) | 112 (30.8) | ||
Mathare | 249 (41.0) | 102 (42.0) | 147 (40.4) | ||
Duration in slum | ≤ 10 years | 168 (27.7) | 62 (25.5) | 106 (29.1) | 0.33 |
> 10 years | 439 (72.3) | 181 (74.5) | 258 (70.9) | ||
Anthropometric measurements/DBM status | |||||
DBM status | Thin | 38 (6.26) | 25 (10.3) | 13 (3.57) | 0.01 |
Overweight/obese | 81 (13.34) | 16 (6.58) | 65 (17.86) | 0.00 | |
Stunted | 81 (13.34) | 42 (17.28) | 39 (10.71) | 0.02 | |
Physical activity level | |||||
Physical activity | Low | 205 (33.8) | 66 (27.1) | 139 (38.2) | < 0.001 |
Moderate | 207 (34.1) | 74 (30.5) | 133 (36.5) | ||
High | 195 (32.1) | 103 (42.4) | 92 (25.3) | ||