Table 1 Clinical anthropometric measures, indices and measure indicators adjusted for gender and VitD status

Age (years)

62.62 ± 10.88

57.91 ± 11.92

57.90 ± 11.917

0.008* #

57.73 ± 11.97

54.09 ± 12.60

50.41 ± 14.33

0.001*#

Anthropometric measures

BMI (kg/\(\:{m}^{2}\))

27.22 ± 6.48

28.25 ± 5.78

28.05 ± 7.50

0.361

32.72 ± 7.96

34.45 ± 8.42

37.13 ± 10.68

0.015*#

WC (cm)

99.65 ± 17.75

101.67 ± 15.74

110.76 ± 22.75

0.192

108.25 ± 13.43

112.06 ± 14.22

122.28 ± 16.33

<0.001*

HC (cm)

143.50 ± 21.92

142.15 ± 16.16

140.15 ± 11.91

0.898

140.13 ± 27.17

136.81 ± 9.59

139.44 ± 11.88

0.552

WHtR

0.59 ± 0.09

0.60 ± 0.08

0.64 ± 0.12

0.002 *#

0.69 ± 0.08

0.71 ± 0.08

0.76 ± 0.10

< 0.001 *#

WHR

1.01 ± 0.10

0.98 ± 0.04

1.03 ± 0.06

0.161

0.87 ± 0.11

0.89 ± 0.06

0.91 ± 0.09

0.167

Past history

Hypertension (%)

9.8%

44.5%

45.6%

0.703

23.5%

36.6%

39.9%

0.127

Smoking (%)

52.2%

67%

71.2%

0.139

2.8%

3%

12.5%

0.137

Supplement intake (%)

4.2%

1.9%

0.4%

< 0.001*#

16.7%

1.6%

1.9%

< 0.001*#

Biochemistry measures

FBS (mg/dl)

110.40 ± 35.11

110.30 ± 34.48

119.55 ± 43.27

0.391

116.76 ± 52.22

107.96 ± 33.64

133.07 ± 61.13

0.453

HbA1c

5.79 ± 0.39

5.57 ± 0.46

5.76 ± 0.53

0.066

5.70 ± 0.28

5.66 ± 0.42

5.86 ± 0.71

0.872

hsCRP

0.47 ± 1.40

0.39 ± 0.63

0.54 ± 0.83

0.831

0.32 ± 0.31

0.26 ± 0.32

0.34 ± 0.22

0.548

Fasting insulin (IU/L)

13.34 ± 17.88

13.00 ± 11.62

14.70 ± 13.73

0.733

15.02 ± 8.01

12.98 ± 10.04

15.97 ± 9.73

0.325

Serum Cr (mg/dl)

0.99 ± 0.25

0.91 ± 0.18

0.95 ± 0.20

0.240

0.78 ± 0.22

0.79 ± 0.21

0.70 ± 0.22

0.624

TG (mg/dl)

135.48 ± 66.72

143.27 ± 77.34

152.10 ± 77.32

0.243

133.37 ± 56.27

153.48 ± 69.63

161.66 ± 77.45

0.013*

Tch (mg/dl)

165.76 ± 47.26

175.80 ± 46.50

181.54 ± 46.03

0.235

193.45 ± 44.54

195.53 ± 41.85

197.05 ± 46.10

0.693

LDL (mg/dl)

97.59 ± 35.15

105.34 ± 37.23

104.61 ± 37.32

0.185

114.97 ± 39.47

121.97 ± 36.55

118.17 ± 41.24

0.381

HDL (mg/dl)

39.41 ± 8.25

40.19 ± 12.66

38.32 ± 10.24

0.878

46.02 ± 12.50

45.77 ± 13.46

41.62 ± 8.28

0.100

Hb (mg/dl)

14.72 ± 2.00

15.24 ± 1.42

15.35 ± 1.35

0.219

13.69 ± 1.35

13.62 ± 1.36

13.37 ± 1.15

0640

Anthropometric indices

LAP

56.57 ± 40.29

63.70 ± 59.04

84.76 ± 70.90

0.128

80.70 ± 41.14

95.46 ± 55.95

118.10 ± 67.81

0.009*

BAI

43.36 ± 7.90

43.29 ± 5.85

42.08 ± 6.37

0.911

54.27 ± 14.18

50.08 ± 4.66

50.81 ± 6.14

0.056

VAI

1.97 ± 0.93

2.35 ± 1.42

2.54 ± 2.06

0.060

2.91 ± 1.90

3.19 ± 1.78

3.16 ± 1.71

0.382

BRI

5.40 ± 2.29

5.57 ± 2.11

6.82 ± 3.27

0.237

7.98 ± 2.36

8.39 ± 2.14

9.97 ± 3.12

0.004*

BSI

0.08 ± 0.00

0.08 ± 0.00

0.08 ± 0.00

0.151

0.08 ± 0.00

0.08 ± 0.02

0.07 ± 0.00

0.784