Table 2 Socio-demographic risk factors for non-prescription use of Tramadol among youth in Asawase and aboabo: binary logistic regression results

Age (in years) (ref: 15–24)

1.00

1.00

 25–35

1.29

(0.44–3.75)

Gender (ref: Female)

1.00

 Male

1.09

(0.43–2.77)

Nativity status (ref: indigene)

1.00

1.00

 Migrant

3.24

(1.14–9.21)**

3.97

(1.31–12.05)*

Length of stay (ref: ≤4 years)

1.00

1.00

 5–14 years

0.26

(0.06–0.82)**

0.15

(0.03–0.82)**

 ≥ 15 years

0.65

(0.13–0.79)*

0.46

(0.08–2.59)

Marital status (ref: Single)

1.00

1.00

 Partnered

0.74

(0.30–0.82)***

1.08

(0.37–3.12)

Religion (ref: Islam)

1.00

 Christianity

2.30

(0.80–6.62)

 Others

2.07

(0.25–17.04)

Living arrangement (ref: Living with others)

1.00

1.00

 Living alone

4.49

(1.66–12.15)***

6.34

(2.03–19.82)***

Household size (ref: 1 person)

1.00

 2–3 persons

1.30

(0.44–3.86)

 ≥ 4 persons

2.46

(0.80–7.53)

Education (ref: Never/primary)

1.00

 High school

1.32

(0.49–3.51)

 Tertiary

0.91

(0.23–3.60)

Employment status (ref: Employed)

1.00

1.00

 Unemployed

2.53

(1.97–6.58)**

3.57

(1.02–12.58)*

Income (ref: ≥ GH¢700)

1.00

1.00

 GH¢300–699

1.14

(1.38–3.42)*

0.67

(0.16–2.77)

 < GH¢300

3.00

(1.30–4.31)***

1.23

(0.28–5.33)

-2Likelihood ratio

106.800

Hosmer-Lemeshow χ²

20.12(0.100)***

Adjusted Pseudo R²

0.26