Table 1 Various characteristics of Indian population aged ≥ 45 years
Variable | Total N (%) | Depression N (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Tobacco consumption | |||
Any form (SM/SLT) | |||
No | 42106 (63.22) | 2993 (7.11) |  < 0.001 |
Yes | 24500 (36.78) | 2084 (8.51) | Â |
Smoking (SM) | |||
No | 57333 (86.08) | 4331 (7.55) | 0.044 |
Yes | 9273 (13.92) | 746 (8.04) | Â |
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) | |||
No | 53363 (80.12) | 3914 (7.34) |  < 0.001 |
Yes | 13243 (19.88) | 1163 (8.77) | Â |
Both (SM + SLT) | |||
No | 64624 (97.02) | 4900 (7.58) | 0.161 |
Yes | 1982 (2.98) | 177 (8.90) | Â |
Demographic and socio-economic factors | |||
Gender | |||
Male | 31039 (46.60) | 2081 (6.80) |  < 0.001 |
Female | 35567 (53.40) | 2996 (8.32) | Â |
Age group (years) | |||
45–59 (middle aged) | 34704 (52.10) | 2400 (7.24) |  < 0.001 |
 > 60 (elderly) | 31902 (47.90) | 2677 (8.00) |  |
Religion | |||
Hindu | 54590 (81.96) | 4109 (7.53) |  < 0.001 |
Muslim | 7666 (11.51) | 682 (8.89) | Â |
Christian | 2023 (3.04) | 86 (4.22) | Â |
Others | 2327 (3.49) | 201 (8.62) | Â |
Caste | |||
Schedule caste | 12759 (19.16) | 1098 (8.61) |  < 0.001 |
Schedule tribe | 5732 (8.61) | 255 (4.45) | Â |
OBC | 30272 (45.45) | 2433 (8.04) | Â |
Others | 17843 (26.79) | 1291 (7.23) | Â |
Education | |||
Illiterate | 31353 (47.07) | 2992 (8.87) |  < 0.001 |
Less than primary | 7598 (11.41) | 632 (8.69) | Â |
Primary completed | 8761 (13.15) | 536 (6.68) | Â |
Middle completed | 6337 (9.51) | 354 (6.35) | Â |
Secondary school | 5953 (8.94) | 256 (4.84) | Â |
Higher secondary | 2,852 (4.28) | 158 (5.26) | Â |
Diploma/Graduate | 3752 (5.63) | 150 (4.01) | Â |
Residence | |||
Rural | 43240 (64.92) | 3879 (8.50) | 0.270 |
Urban | 23366 (35.08) | 1198 (5.72) | Â |
Marital status | |||
Unmarried | 871 (1.31) | 35 (4.40) |  < 0.001 |
Married/ in live -in | 49949 (74.99) | 3369 (6.85) | Â |
Widow/separated/divorced | 15786 (23.70) | 1673 (10.06) | Â |
MPCE quintile | |||
Poorest | 13,181 (19.79) | 1011 (7.27) |  < 0.001 |
Poorer | 13,403 (20.12) | 952 (6.73) | Â |
Middle | 13,371 (20.07) | 1013 (7.43) | Â |
Richer | 13,412 (20.14) | 937 (7.24) | Â |
Richest | 13,239 (19.88) | 1164 (9.71) | Â |
Health insurance | |||
No | 65121 (97.77) | 4971 (7.64) | 0.013 |
Yes | 1485 (2.23) | 106 (6.96) | Â |
Occupation | |||
Unemployed | 34180 (51.32) | 2627 (7.83) |  < 0.001 |
Professional and semi-professional | 1,597 (2.40) | 193 (10.97) | Â |
Clerical and skilled | 16683 (25.05) | 1385 (7.30) | Â |
Unskilled | 14,146 (21.24) | 871 (7.07) | Â |
Living alone | |||
No | 64152 (96.32) | 4771 (7.44) |  < 0.001 |
Yes | 2454 (3.68) | 306 (12.48) | Â |
Region | |||
North | 8170 (12.27) | 523 (6.40) |  < 0.001 |
Central | 13699 (20.57) | 1729 (12.62) | Â |
East | 15420 (23.15) | 1155 (7.49) | Â |
Northeast | 2321 (3.48) | 105 (4.54) | Â |
West | 10990 (16.50) | 735 (6.69) | Â |
South | 16008 (24.03) | 830 (5.19) | Â |
Health related factors | |||
Physical activity | |||
Everyday | 15672 (23.53) | 1086 (6.54) | 0.011 |
More than once/week | 4559 (6.84) | 344 (7.90) | Â |
Once/week | 2396 (3.60) | 152 (6.37) | Â |
1–3 times/month | 3274 (4.92) | 314 (8.69) |  |
Never | 40705 (61.11) | 3182 (8.02) | Â |
Self-rated health | |||
Excellent | 2570 (3.91) | 115 (4.13) |  < 0.001 |
Very good | 12602 (19.18) | 534 (4.55) | Â |
Good | 25723 (39.16) | 1147 (4.69) | Â |
Fair | 18137 (27.61) | 1829 (9.43) | Â |
Poor | 6660 (10.14) | 1463 (20.07) | Â |
Comorbidity | |||
No | 21206 (31.84) | 1262 (5.94) |  < 0.001 |
Yes | 45400 (68.16) | 3816 (8.41) | Â |
Multimorbidity | |||
No | 42107 (63.22) | 2646 (6.28) |  < 0.001 |
Yes | 24499 (36.78) | 2431 (9.92) | Â |
Behavioural factors | |||
Alcohol consumption | |||
No | 54752 (82.20) | 4372 (7.72) | 0.040 |
Yes | 11854 (17.80) | 913 (7.70) | Â |
Media exposure | |||
No | 25487 (38.27) | 2424 (9.51) |  < 0.001 |
Yes | 41119 (61.73) | 2653 (6.45) | Â |