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Table 4 Nested multilevel regression modelling showing association of depression with any form of tobacco consumption and various covariates among Indian population aged ≥ 45 years

From: Distribution and association of depression with tobacco consumption among middle-aged and elderly Indian population: nested multilevel modelling analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional survey

Characteristics

Depression

Model-1

Model-2

Model-3

Model-4

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI))

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Tobacco consumption (any form)

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

1.24 (1.16–1.32)*

1.38 (1.28–1.49)*

1.29 (1.19–1.39)*

1.28 (1.18–1.38)*

Demographic and socio-economic factors

Gender

Male

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Female

 

1.29 (1.19–1.41)*

1.24 (1.14–1.35)*

1.28 (1.17–1.41)*

Age group (years)

45–59 (middle aged)

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

 > 60 (elderly)

 

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

0.99 (0.92–1.04)

0.99 (0.91–1.02)

Religion

Hindu

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Muslim

 

1.08 (0.98–1.20)

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

Christian

 

0.88 (0.74–1.05)

0.84 (0.71–1.01)

0.85 (0.71–1.01)

Others

 

1.27 (1.09–1.47)*

1.25 (1.07–1.45)*

1.25 (1.07–1.46)*

Caste

Schedule caste

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Schedule tribe

 

0.51 (0.45–0.59)*

0.61 (0.53–0.70)*

0.59 (0.51–0.68)*

OBC

 

1.04 (0.95–1.14)

1.10 (1.01–1.21)*

1.10 (1.01–1.21)*

Others

 

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.97 (0.87–1.07)

Education

Illiterate

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Less than primary

 

1.12 (0.98–1.24)

1.05 (0.94–1.17)

1.09 (0.97–1.21)

Primary completed

 

0.96 (0.86–1.06)

0.92 (0.82–1.01)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

Middle completed

 

0.89 (0.79–1.02)

0.88 (0.77–1.00)

0.92 (0.81–1.05)

Secondary school

 

0.82 (0.72–0.95)*

0.81 (0.70–0.93)*

0.85 (0.73–0.99)*

Higher secondary

 

0.77 (0.63–0.93)*

0.80 (0.65–0.97)*

0.84 (0.69–1.03)

Diploma/Graduate

 

0.66 (0.54–0.81)*

0.73 (0.69–0.89)*

0.77 (0.63–0.95)*

Residence

Rural

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Urban

 

0.76 (0.70–0.82)*

0.78 (0.72–0.84)*

0.81 (0.75–0.88)*

Marital status

Unmarried

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Married/in live-in

 

0.73 (0.54–0.98)*

0.73 (0.72–0.84)*

0.75 (0.55–1.02)

Widow/separated/divorced

 

1.16 (0.85–1.57)

1.11 (0.81–1.52)

1.13 (0.82–1.55)

MPCE quintile

Poorest

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Poorer

 

0.99 (0.90–1.11)

0.98 (0.88–1.10)

1.00 (0.90–1.11)

Middle

 

1.02 (0.91–1.13)

0.99 (0.89–1.10)

1.01 (0.91–1.13)

Richer

 

1.24 (1.11–1.37)*

1.16 (1.04–1.29)*

1.20 (1.07–1.33)*

Richest

 

1.56 (1.40–1.73)*

1.42 (1.28–1.59)*

1.48 (1.32–1.65)*

Health Insurance

No

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

 

0.94 (0.73–1.22)

0.95 (0.73–1.22)

0.95 (0.73–1.23)

Occupation

Unemployed

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Professional and semi-professional

 

0.93 (0.71–1.23)

1.07 (0.81–1.41)

1.09 (0.82–1.43)

Clerical and skilled

 

0.99 (0.91–1.08)

1.12 (1.02–1.23)*

1.12 (1.02–1.24)*

Unskilled

 

0.93 (0.84–1.02)

1.01 (0.92–1.12)

1.02 (0.93–1.13)

Living alone

No

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

 

1.17 (1.01–1.36)*

1.18 (1.01–1.37)*

1.14 (1.01–1.33)*

Region

North

 

Reference

Reference

Reference

Central

 

2.00 (1.80–2.23)*

2.12 (1.90–2.37)*

2.07 (1.85–2.31)*

East

 

1.14 (1.02–1.27)*

1.09 (0.97–1.21)

1.07 (0.95–1.19)

Northeast

 

0.47 (0.40–0.55)*

0.53 (0.45–0.63)*

0.53 (0.45–0.63)*

West

 

1.15 (0.93–1.18)

1.19 (1.05–1.35)*

1.19 (1.05–1.35)*

South

 

0.73 (0.65–0.81)*

0.68 (0.60–0.76)*

0.69 (0.62–0.78)*

Health related factors

Physical activity

Everyday

  

Reference

Reference

More than once/week

  

1.01 (0.88–1.17)

1.02 (0.87–1.17)

Once/week

  

0.91 (0.75–1.10)

0.92 (0.76–1.11)

1–3 times/month

  

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

Never

  

0.90 (0.83–1.01)

0.90 (0.82–1.01)

Self-rated health

Excellent

  

Reference

Reference

Very good

  

0.83 (0.65–1.05)

0.83 (0.66–1.05)

Good

  

1.18 (0.94–1.46)

1.17 (0.94–1.46)

Fair

  

2.24 (1.80–2.79)*

2.23 (1.79–2.77)*

Poor

  

4.90 (3.92–6.13)*

4.82 (3.85–6.02)*

Comorbidity

No

  

Reference

Reference

Yes

  

1.19 (1.10–1.29)*

1.20 (1.10–1.30)*

Multimorbidity

No

  

Reference

Reference

Yes

  

1.23 (1.12–1.34)*

1.24 (1.13–1.36)*

Behavioural factors

Alcohol consumption

No

   

Reference

Yes

   

1.10 (0.99–1.22)

Media Exposure

No

   

Reference

Yes

   

0.78 (0.72–0.84)*

Pseudo R2

0.0013

0.0493

0.0952

0.0968

LL

 − 15,170.41

 − 14,441.83

 − 13,744.13

 − 13,720.13

LR

40.23

1457.17

1395.39

48.01

p value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

AIC

30,344.82

28,949.65

27,574.26

27,530.25

BIC

30,363.00

29,249.71

27,965.25

27,939.42

  1. Model 1—Association depression (outcome variable) with any form of tobacco consumption (explanatory variable)
  2. Model 2—1 + Demographic and socio-economic factors (Gender, age group, religion, caste, wealth index, education, marital status, residence, health insurance, occupation, living alone and region)
  3. Model 3—Model 2 + Health related factors (physical activity, self-rated health, comorbidity and multimorbidity)
  4. Model 4—Model 3 + Behavioural factors (alcohol consumption, media exposure)
  5. Classification accuracy = 93.84%
  6. *p value < 0.05 = significant
  7. CI Confidence Interval, LL Log-likelihood, LR Likelihood Ratio, AIC Akaike Information Criterion, BIC Bayesian Information Criterion
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Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

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