Table 1 GDQS and GDQS sub-metrics (GDQS + , GDQS −) food groups and scoring and all the applicable food items collected from the FFQ

Included in the GDQS

Included in the GDQS+

Citrus fruits

 < 24, 24–69, > 69

0,1,2

Orange; Tangerine; Lemon; Lime

Deep orange fruits

 < 25, 28–123, > 123

0,1,2

Mango; Pawpaw; Apricot

Other fruits

 < 27, 27–107, > 107

0,1,2

Banana; Apple; Guava; Plum; Peach; African Pear (IG: Ube); Avocado; Passion fruit; Tamarind (HA: Tsamiya); African cherry (YR: Agbalumo); Pineapple; Grapes; Watermelon; Jackfruit (Bread fruit; Sweet melon; Berries; Baobab (HA: Kuka fruit); Fruit salad; Plantain

Dark green leafy vegetables

 < 13, 13–37, > 37

0,2,4

Waterleaf, (Vegetable soup, Afang, Utazi, Edi ka ikong, Uziza); Pumpkin leaf (Egusi soups); Bitter leaf (Bitter leaf soup, banga soup); Amaranthus leaves (HA: Ayoyo, YR: Ewedu))

Cruciferous vegetables

 < 13, 13–36, > 36

0, 0.25, 0.5

Coleslaw

Deep orange vegetables

 < 9, 9–45, > 45

0, 0.25, 0.5

Carrot; Pumpkin, yellow and orange squash

Other vegetables

 < 23, 23–114, > 114

0, 0.25, 0.5

Cucumber; Garden egg; Vegetable salad; Okra

Legumes

 < 9, 9–42, > 42

0,2,4

Bean alone; Beans porridge; Bean cake (YR: Akara); Corn with beans (YR: Adalu); Bean pudding (YR: Moinmoin); Soya drink; Bean Soup (Gbegiri)

Deep orange tubers

 < 12, 12–63, > 63

0, 0.25, 0.5

Sweet potato – Boiled/Fried; Potato porridge (sweet potato)

Nuts and seeds

 < 7, 7–13, > 13

0,2,4

Groundnut (Cooked/Roasted); Cashew nut; Tiger nut (YR: Ofio, HA: Aya, IB: Akiausa); Walnut (YR: Asala); Kwuli-kwuli; Peanut butter

Whole grains

 < 8, 8–13, > 13

0,1,2

Oats (i.e., Quaker Oats); High fiber cereals i.e., Bran; Brown rice; Corn (Roasted/Boiled); Corn and beans (YR: Adalu); Tuwon masara (swallows); Pap from corn (YR: Akamu, Ogi); Millet meal (Pap); Tuwon dawa (guinea corn) (swallows); Tuwon gero (millet); Popcorn

Liquid oils

 < 2, 2–7.5, > 7.5

0,1,2

Palm oil

Fish and shellfish

 < 14, 14–71, > 71

0,1,2

Snail; Shrimp and Prawns; Fish Sea-Water (boiled/fried); Fish Fresh-Water/River (boiled/fried); Dried/Smoked fish; Sardines

Poultry & game meat

 < 16, 16–44, > 44

0,1,2

Chicken (with/without skin)—Broiled, fried or grilled; Turkey; Guinea fowl

Low-fat dairy

 < 33, 33–132, > 132

0,1,2

Fresh milk; Chocolate drink (Milo, Bournvita etc.) with milk; Custard

Eggs

 < 6, 6–32, > 32

0,1,2

Chicken egg (Boiled/ Fried)

Included in the GDQS −

High-fat dairy

 < 35, 35–142, > 140–734, > 734

0, 1, 2, 0

Evaporated liquid milk; Powdered milk; Yoghurt (plain/sweet); Cream cheese

Red meat

 < 9, 9–46, > 46

0,1,0

Beef (boiled/fried); Goat Meat (boiled/fried); Pork (Pig meat)(boiled/fried); Lamb/Mutton)(boiled/fried); liver (boiled/fried); Offal/Tripe (YR: orisirisi)

Processed meat

 < 9, 9–30, > 30

2,1,0

Bushmeat; Bacon; Processed cow skin (YR: Ponmo, Bokoto, Cow-Leg); Canned meats (Bully beef/Corned beef); Meat minced; Suya

Refined grains and baked goods

 < 7, 7–33, > 33

2,1,0

Spaghetti; Noodles (e.g. Indomie); Macaroni; Rice (White, Jollof, Fried, Ofada, Coconut); Ground rice (Rice flour) swallow; Wheat flour swallow; Tuwon shinkafa; Bread (sliced; flat); Meat Pie (Meat samosa), e.g. Gala; Bread rolls; Pancakes; Vegetable samosa; Doughnut, Fried dough, Buns, Puffpuff; Semolina; Breakfast cereal e.g. Cornflakes, Rice Krispies

Sweets and ice cream

 < 13, 13–37, > 37

2,1,0

Ice cream; Cake, tarts, scones, muffins; Chocolate bar; Sugar added to foods (include in tea & coffee); Honey; Jam; Marmalade; Sugarcane; Raisins (Cake fruit); Dates (HA: Dabbino)

Sugar-sweetened beverages

 < 57, 57–180, > 180

2,1,0

Soda—regular (Coke, Fanta, etc.); Soda – Diet; Chocolate drink (Milo, Bournvita etc.) without milk

Juice

 < 36, 36–144, > 144

2,1,0

Orange or other fruit juices (sweetened/ unsweetened) Fruit squash, concentrate – mixed with water (sweetened/with artificial sweetener)

White roots and tubers

 < 27, 27–107, > 107

2,1,0

Irish potato (boiled/fired); Boiled Cassava; Potato porridge (Irish potato); Yam porridge; Yam (boiled/fired); Traditional Pounded Yam; Pounded Yam from Flour; Garri; Eba (Swallows); Cassava flour swallow (YR: lafun); Cocoyam (Boiled/Chips); Amala (swallows); Fufu or Akpu (swallows)

Purchased deep fried foods

 < 9, 9–45, > 45

2,1,0

Potato or Corn chips or crisps; Cocoyam chips; Doughnut, Fried dough, Buns, Puffpuff; Plantain chips (YR: Igbekere/Ipekere); Fried Sliced Plantain (YR: Dodo); Fried Yam