Table 3 Logit estimates

Variables

Full model

Rural Pakistan

Urban Pakistan

Food security

Foodreduction

0.956***

1.104***

0.947***

(0.142)

(0.282)

(0.168)

Lowqualityfood

1.435***

1.241***

1.517***

(0.196)

(0.408)

(0.227)

Debt Burden

Loanrelatives

0.996***

1.103***

0.986***

(0.0967)

(0.198)

(0.113)

Loanemployer

0.253*

0.444*

0.105

(0.144)

(0.258)

(0.182)

Loanbanks

− 1.128***

− 0.939*

− 1.111***

(0.233)

(0.492)

(0.272)

Communityassistance

0.576***

0.909***

0.548***

(0.135)

(0.313)

(0.152)

Loandeferment

0.531***

0.262

0.506***

(0.111)

(0.240)

(0.129)

Energy poverty

Electricitydefault

0.385***

0.955***

0.201

(0.117)

(0.218)

(0.146)

Gasdefault

0.0182

− 0.463

0.152

(0.132)

(0.307)

(0.153)

Essentials

Nonfoodreduction

0.297

0.166

0.342

(0.181)

(0.346)

(0.216)

Schooldropout

0.0796

0.467

0.0695

(0.123)

(0.295)

(0.138)

Displacement

0.450**

− 0.163

0.557**

(0.228)

(0.531)

(0.256)

Capital Flight

Productiveassets

0.248

0.218

0.234

(0.188)

(0.384)

(0.223)

Savings

0.103

0.605***

− 0.00979

(0.108)

(0.210)

(0.132)

HHassets

0.498***

-0.191

0.625***

(0.162)

(0.375)

(0.183)

Productivecattle

0.236

0.298

0.290

(0.165)

(0.240)

(0.252)

Stockseed

0.567*

0.229

0.678

(0.295)

(0.428)

(0.450)

Soldland

-0.236

1.098

− 0.470

(0.527)

(1.102)

(0.591)

Controls

YoungHH

0.148*

0.389**

0.0831

(0.0900)

(0.181)

(0.106)

MaledominatedHH

0.0887

0.117

0.101

(0.0961)

(0.188)

(0.114)

EducatedHH

0.0428

0.122

− 0.00235

(0.0938)

(0.191)

(0.110)

AboveavgHHincome

0.0253

0.341*

− 0.125

(0.0918)

(0.190)

(0.108)

Remittances

0.281

− 0.0277

0.364

(0.248)

(0.523)

(0.290)

Charity

0.132

0.0471

0.131

(0.0911)

(0.187)

(0.106)

RuralHH

− 0.0531

(0.105)

Constant

− 3.743***

− 4.601***

-3.509***

(0.269)

(0.488)

(0.325)

Regional FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Observations

3,456

1,036

2,420

Pseudo R2

0.239

0.317

0.224

chi2

979.5

381.6

648.4

Log-likelihood

− 1558

− 411.7

− 1120