Table 2 Sample characteristics

Outcome variables (%)

Stunting

25.7

25.0

32.4

21.1

29.6

40.2

25.5

[95% CI]

[24.6–26.9]

[23.7–26.3]

[30.1–34.6]

[19.7–22.5]

[27.0–32.1]

[34.3–46.2]

[23.1–28.0]

Underweight

25.5

24.9

29.9

22.2

28.7

35.9

25.8

[95% CI]

[24.4–26.6]

[23.7–26.1]

[27.7–32.1]

[20.9–23.5]

[26.0–31.3]

[30.4–41.4]

[23.2–28.7]

Wasting

9.5

9.3

11.4

8.2

10.5

13.2

9.5

[95% CI]

[8.8–10.2]

[8.5–10.1]

[9.8–13.0]

[7.3–9.0]

[8.8–12.3]

[8.9–17.5]

[7.8–11.3]

Predictors

Average monthly precipitation (mm) (preceding the survey)

 Over the last 3 months

131.9

139.9

62.5

180.9

88.6

43.9

106.1

 Over the last 6 months

112.6

119.7

145.9

105.9

73.5

112.3

58.3

 Over the last year

79.4

84.4

83.5

84.9

52.1

58.8

49.5

 Over the last 2 years

71.6

76.3

72.3

78.4

46.3

48.6

45.3

Rainfall deviation from the 40 year-average (mm) (preceding the survey)

 Over the last 3 months

67.9

71.1

-6.4

112.3

50.6

0.7

70.1

 Over the last 6 months

48.6

51.0

76.9

37.2

35.5

69.1

22.4

 Over the last year

15.4

15.7

14.6

16.2

14.2

15.6

13.6

 Over the last 2 years

7.7

7.5

3.4

9.8

8.3

5.4

9.4

Average temperature (°C) (preceding the survey)

 Over the last 3 months

28.5

28.2

27.4

28.5

30.5

29.2

31.0

 Over the last 6 months

29.5

29.3

27.5

30.2

31.1

29.3

31.9

 Over the last year

28.5

28.4

28.0

28.5

29.5

28.8

29.7

Over the last 2 years

28.7

28.5

28.2

28.7

29.6

29.2

29.7

Dry climate (annual total rainfall < 200 mm) (%) (preceding the survey)

 Over the last year

0

0

0

0

3.1

0

4.2

 Over the last two years

0.1

0

0

0

3.9

0

5.3

Covariates (%)

Girl

48.9

49.0

48.7

49.2

48.2

47.8

48.4

Child’s age

 0–11 months

20.7

20.5

18.3

21.7

21.4

18.0

22.7

 12–23 months

21.1

21.1

19.8

21.8

21.3

20.4

21.7

 24–35 months

19.0

19.1

20.1

18.5

18.8

18.4

19.0

 36–47 months

20.4

20.6

22.0

19.9

19.1

22.0

17.9

 48–59 months

18.8

18.7

19.8

18.1

19.4

21.2

18.7

Mother’s age

 15–19 years

27.7

28.2

26.4

29.1

25.1

26.1

24.8

 20–24 years

28.2

28.6

29.4

28.1

25.9

25.3

26.1

 25–29 years

21.9

21.6

22.8

21.0

23.6

24.8

23.2

 30–49 years

22.2

21.6

21.3

21.8

25.4

23.8

26.0

Mother’s education

 No education

76.5

74.9

81.9

71.2

84.8

91.3

82.3

 Primary

10.9

11.4

9.6

12.4

8.4

6.1

9.4

 Secondary

11.5

12.4

7.7

14.8

6.5

2.5

8.1

 Higher

1.1

1.3

0.8

1.6

0.2

0.2

0.3

Religion of household’s head

 Muslim

92.6

92.0

91.9

92.0

96.3

91.9

98.0

Ethnicity of household’s head

 Other

42.5

35.6

32.9

37.1

79.7

78.0

80.4

 Bambara

33.9

39.0

39.5

38.7

6.0

7.8

5.3

 Peulh

13.8

14.2

15.0

13.7

11.8

12.6

11.5

 Sarakole/Soninke/Marka

9.9

11.2

12.6

10.5

2.5

1.7

2.8

Household asset quintile

 Lowest

21.1

17.5

19.5

16.4

40.7

37.1

42.1

 Lower middle

21.1

19.9

20.2

19.8

27.7

27.6

27.7

 Middle

20.8

21.3

19.2

22.5

18.1

23.2

16.1

 Upper middle

19.6

21.4

22.4

20.9

9.6

5.9

11.1

 Highest

17.4

19.8

18.7

20.4

4.0

6.2

3.1

DHS Round

 2012–2013

33.7

34.7

100

0

28.1

100

0

 2018

66.3

65.3

0

100

71.9

0

100

DHS survey month

 January

12.2

14.4

41.5

0

0

0

0

 February

0.1

0.1

0.3

0

0

0

28.5

 August

21.0

21.1

0

32.3

20.5

0

44.3

 September

27.4

26.6

0

40.8

31.8

0

25.3

 October

15.8

15.4

0

23.6

18.2

0

2.0

 November

8.3

9.5

21.2

3.3

1.4

0

0

 December

15.2

12.8

37.0

0

28.1

100

0

Observations

12,281

9645

3679

5966

2636

665

1971