Table 2 The characteristic of the study participants between lower and higher mean intake of UPFs between case and control groups
Variables | Cases (60) | Controls (60) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower than the mean of UPFs (n = 25) | Higher than the mean of UPFs (n = 35) | P-value | Lower than the mean of UPFs (n = 35) | Higher than the mean of UPFs (n = 25) | P-value | |
Age (year) ^ | 66 (15.5) | 65 (11) | 0.400 | 64 (13) | 59 (11.5) | 0.118 |
BMI (kg/m2) * | 25.40 ± 3.97 | 24.44 ± 3.38 | 0.331 | 25.92 ± 3.39 | 25.76 ± 3.62 | 0.866 |
UPFs (energy %) | 3.78 (2.96) | 10.78 (5.41) | < 0.001 | 4.80 (3.23) | 11.40 (8.71) | < 0.001 |
Energy (kcal/day) * | 2455 ± 618.02 | 2895.99 ± 508.11 | 0.005 | 2327.25 ± 640.68 | 2972.50 ± 643.78 | < 0.001 |
Fiber (g/day) ^ | 19.18 (7.95) | 22.05 (7.77) | 0.136 | 20.70 (13.09) | 26.69 (9.51) | 0.032 |
Total fat (g/day) * | 57.16 ± 41.69 | 78.09 ± 31.77 | 0.041 | 42.35 ± 14.82 | 71.25 ± 20.02 | < 0.001 |
SFA (g/day) * | 17.59 ± 8.12 | 24.62 ± 7.02 | 0.001 | 13.94 ± 5.69 | 24.98 ± 8.41 | < 0.001 |
MUFA (g/day) ^ | 12.4 (7.23) | 17.49 (9.30) | 0.001 | 10.09 (5.19) | 19.65 (9.17) | < 0.001 |
PUFA (g/day) ^ | 6.35 (3.93) | 7.39 (4.36) | 0.110 | 5.82 (4.11) | 9.16 (5.24) | 0.001 |
Ethnicity, Fars, % & | 20 (80%) | 28 (80%) | 1 | 26 (74.3%) | 20 (80%) | 0.606 |
Education, % & | 0.963 | 0.861 | ||||
Illiterate and Primary Diploma and Academic | 17 (68%) 7 (32%) | 24 (68.6%) 11 (31.4%) | 19 (54.3%) 16 (45.7%) | 13 (52%) 12 (48%) | ||
Physical activity, % & | 0.694 | 0.549 | ||||
Never or Less Moderate High | 11 (44%) 10 (40%) 4 (16%) | 12 (34.3%) 15 (42.8%) 8 (22.9%) | 6 (17.1%) 16 (45.8%) 13 (37.1%) | 6 (24%) 8 (32%) 11 (44%) | ||
Lipid medication, yes, % & | 4 (16%) | 2 (5.7%) | 0.223 | 1 (2.9%) | 5 (20%) | 0.073 |
HTN medication, yes, % & | 11 (44%) | 8 (22.9%) | 0.083 | 8 (22.9%) | 5 (20%) | 0.791 |
Aspirin use, yes, % & | 6 (24%) | 4 (11.4%) | 0.294 | 9 (25.7%) | 6 (24%) | 0.880 |