Table 2 Basic characteristics of participants in the NHANES 1999–2018
Characteristic | Overall, N1 = 2371 (100%)2 | DKD, N1 = 820 (31%)2 | Non-DKD, N1 = 1551 (69%)2 | P Value3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 57 (14) | 62 (14) | 56 (13) | < 0.001 |
Gender | > 0.9 | |||
Female | 1031 (45%) | 346 (45%) | 685 (46%) | |
Male | 1340 (55%) | 474 (55%) | 866 (54%) | |
Race | 0.3 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 939 (65.4%) | 333 (63%) | 606 (67%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 524 (12.3%) | 178 (12%) | 346 (12%) | |
Mexican American | 461 (9.1%) | 169 (11%) | 292 (8.4%) | |
Other Race | 447 (13.2%) | 140 (14%) | 307 (12.6%) | |
PIR | < 0.001 | |||
High (> 3.5) | 670 (39%) | 203 (33%) | 467 (42%) | |
Low (≤ 1.3) | 717 (20%) | 277 (23%) | 440 (18%) | |
Medium (> 1.3, ≤ 3.5) | 984 (41%) | 340 (44%) | 644 (40%) | |
BMI | 0.14 | |||
Normal (< 25) | 357 (13%) | 135 (15%) | 222 (12%) | |
Obese (≥ 30) | 1248 (58%) | 437 (59%) | 811 (57%) | |
Overweight (≥ 25, < 30) | 766 (29%) | 248 (26%) | 518 (31%) | |
Smoking status | 0.4 | |||
Current smoker | 398 (17%) | 143 (18%) | 255 (16%) | |
Former smoker | 820 (34%) | 304 (36%) | 516 (33.5%) | |
Never smoker | 1153 (49%) | 373 (46%) | 780 (50.5%) | |
Education attainment | 0.012 | |||
Less Than 9th Grade | 338 (7.1%) | 135 (8.5%) | 203 (6.4%) | |
9-11th Grade | 353 (11%) | 133 (11.6%) | 220 (10.7%) | |
High School Grad/GED | 598 (28%) | 211 (31.4%) | 387 (26.5%) | |
Some College or AA degree | 659 (30.6%) | 213 (31.1%) | 446 (30.4%) | |
College Graduate or above | 423 (23.3%) | 128 (17.4%) | 295 (26%) | |
Marital status | 0.038 | |||
Married/cohabiting | 1505 (66.4%) | 488 (62.8%) | 1017 (68%) | |
Never married | 213 (8.7%) | 59 (7.2%) | 154 (9.4%) | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 653 (24.9%) | 273 (30%) | 380 (22.6%) | |
Physical activity | 0.8 | |||
Active | 750 (32%) | 254 (31%) | 496 (32%) | |
Inactive | 1621 (68%) | 566 (69%) | 1055 (68%) | |
CVD | 470 (18%) | 233 (26.2%) | 237 (14.7%) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 1609 (66%) | 649 (77.6%) | 960 (61.1%) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 2073 (89%) | 742 (89.9%) | 1331 (87.9%) | 0.2 |
Log2-VAI | 1.13 (1.14) | 1.27 (1.19) | 1.07 (1.11) | 0.002 |
Log2-ABSI | − 3.58 (0.08) | − 3.56 (0.08) | − 3.58 (0.07) | < 0.001 |
Log2-CMI | − 2.22 (0.87) | − 2.07 (0.91) | − 2.29 (0.85) | < 0.001 |
Log2-BRI | 2.68 (0.52) | 2.73 (0.51) | 2.66 (0.52) | 0.041 |
Log2-LAP | 6.16 (1.10) | 6.29 (1.16) | 6.09 (1.07) | 0.002 |