Table 2 Demographic characteristics of the included studies
Code first author(year) | Location | Study design | Health status | Gender | Sample size | Duration(week) | Range age(year) | Intevention group | Comparator group | Out come |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Bhutani etal.2013 | USA | RCT | Obese | Both | 32 | 12 | 25–65 | ADF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin |
2.Varady et al.2013 | USA | RCT | Normal and overweight | Both | 30 | 12 | 35–50 | ADF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin/Resistin |
3.Catenacci etal.2016 | USA | RCT | Obese | Both | 26 | 8 | 18–55 | ADF | Energy restricted | Leptin/Ghrelin |
4. Moro etal.2016 | Italy | RCT | resistance-trained males | Both | 34 | 8 | 18–20 | TRF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin |
5. F. Trepanowskia etal.2018 | USA | RCT | Overweight and obese | Male | 65 | 24 | 18–65 | ADF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin/Resistin |
6.T. Stratton etal.2020 | USA | RCT | Healthy | Male | 26 | 6 | Â | TRF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin/Ghrelin |
7.Pureza M.S. etal.2020 | Brazil | RCT | Obese | Female | 58 | 3 | 19–44 | TRF | Energy restricted | Leptin |
8. Moro etal.2020 | Italy | RCT | resistance-trained males | Both | 16 | 4 | 18–20 | TRF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin |
9. Moro etal.2021 | Italy | RCT | resistance-trained males | Both | 20 | 12 | 18–20 | TRF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin |
10.Templeman etal.2021 | UK | RCT | Healthy | Both | 24 | 3 | 18–65 | ADF | Energy restricted | Adiponectin/Leptin |
11. Sadeghian et al.2021 | Iran | RCT | Obese | Female | 60 | 8 | 18–55 | FMD | Energy restricted | Leptin/Ghrelin |
12.Castela et al.2022 | Norway | RCT | obese | Both | 28 | 12 | 45–59 | IF | Energy restricted | Adiponectin/Leptin/Resistin |
13.Zhang etal.2022 | China | RCT | Obese | Both | 30 | 8 | 18–30 | eTRF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin |
14.Zhang etal.2022 | China | RCT | Obese | Both | 49 | 8 | 18–30 | ITRF | Usual intake | Adiponectin/Leptin |
15.Çelik et al.2023 | Turkey | RCT | Overweight | Female | 23 | 64 | 19–32 | TRF | Energy restricted | Adiponectin/Leptin |
16.Czerwi ´ nska-Ledwig etal.2024 | Poland | RCT | Obese | Female | 25 | 6 | 21–85 | TRF | Usual intake | Leptin/Resistin |
17.Czerwi ´ nska-Ledwig etal.2024 | Poland | RCT | Obese | Female | 25 | 8 | 21–85 | TRF | Usual intake | Leptin/Resistin |
18.Keawtep et al.2024 | Thailand | RCT | Overweight and obese | Female | 41 | 12 | 45–59 | IF | Usual intake | Adiponectin |