Table 3 Subgroup analysis of included randomized controlled trials in meta-analysis of the effect of fasting regimen on hormone levels

Adiponectin

Duration

 < 12 week

5

0.04(-0.33 to 0.42)

0.82

48.1

0.08

0.02

0.18

 ≥ 12 week

6

0.76(0.27 to 1.25)

0.002

43.5

0.1

Country

US

4

0.41(-0.11 to 0.94)

0.12

49.5

0.11

0.64

0.86

Non-US

7

0.26(-0.1 to 0.62)

0.15

58.5

0.01

Gender

Male

1

0.28(-0.32 to 0.88)

0.36

 < 0.001

0.51

0.05

0.5

Female

1

1.7(0.52 to 2.88)

0.005

56.5

0.13

Both

9

0.19(-0.17 to 0.55)

0.29

52.7

0.03

Number of participants

 ≤ 50

10

0.28(-0.03 to 0.61)

0.08

56.5

0.008

0.73

0.99

 > 50

1

0.43(-0.32 to 1.18)

0.26

0

0

Leptin

Duration

 < 12 week

8

-0.81(-1.02 to -0.61)

 < 0.001

79.3

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.12

 ≥ 12 week

6

-3.2(-3.98 to -2.57)

 < 0.001

82.8

 < 0.001

Country

US

4

-2.84(-4.84 to -0.83)

0.005

4.4

0.38

0.07

0.4

Non-US

10

-0.99(-1.19 to -0.79)

 < 0.001

90.8

 < 0.001

Gender

Male

1

-2.39(-4.5 to -0.28)

0.02

52.3

0.14

0.001

0.85

Female

4

-0.02(-0.61 to 0.56)

0.92

71.1

0.008

Both

9

-1.13(-1.34 to -0.91)

 < 0.001

87.1

 < 0.001

Number of participants

 ≤ 50

11

-1.15(-1.36 to -0.94)

 < 0.001

87.8

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.41

 > 50

3

0.09(-0.5 to 0.69)

0.76

43.5

0.17

Ghrelin

Country

US

2

-0.51(-0.63 to -0.39)

 < 0.001

61.8

0.1

0.02

0.39

Non-Us

1

-1.02(-1.43 to -0.6)

 < 0.001

0

0

Gender

Male

1

0.06(-0.64 to 0.76)

0.86

0

0

0.01

0.67

Female

1

-1.02(-1.43 to -0.6)

 < 0.001

0

0

Both

1

-0.53(-0.64 to -0.4)

 < 0.001

0

0

Number of participants

 ≤ 50

2

-0.51(-0.63 to -0.39)

 < 0.001

61.8

0.1

0.02

0.39

 > 50

1

-1.02(-1.43 to -0.6)

 < 0.001

0

0