Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study population
From: Association of dietary calcium intake with chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Variables | CBE (N = 594) | No CBE (N = 9549) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52.4 ± 15.4 | 45.7 ± 16.0 | < 0.001 |
Gender | < 0.001 | ||
Male | 220 (37.0%) | 4746 (49.7%) | |
Female | 374 (63.0%) | 4803 (50.3%) | |
Race | < 0.001 | ||
Mexican American | 41 (6.9%) | 1532 (16.0%) | |
Other Hispanic | 49 (8.2%) | 973 (10.2%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 370 (62.3%) | 4332 (45.4%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 111 (18.7%) | 1939 (20.3%) | |
Other Race | 23 (3.9%) | 773 (8.1%) | |
Education | < 0.001 | ||
Less than 9th grade | 47 (7.9%) | 793 (8.3%) | |
9-11th grade | 119 (20.0%) | 1373 (14.4%) | |
High school graduate | 150 (25.3%) | 2116 (22.2%) | |
Some college or AA degree | 193 (32.5%) | 2875 (30.1%) | |
College graduate or above | 85 (14.3%) | 2392 (25.0%) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | < 0.001 | ||
≤ 1.00 | 162 (27.3%) | 1875 (19.6%) | |
1.01-2.00 | 192 (32.3%) | 2403 (25.2%) | |
2.01-4.00 | 134 (22.6%) | 2487 (26.0%) | |
> 4.00 | 106 (17.8%) | 2784 (29.2%) | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | ||
Married | 279 (47.0%) | 5074 (53.1%) | |
Widowed | 46 (7.7%) | 417 (4.4%) | |
Divorced | 113 (19.0%) | 1046 (11.0%) | |
Separated | 31 (5.2%) | 306 (3.2%) | |
Never married | 86 (14.5%) | 1907 (20.0%) | |
Living with partner | 39 (6.6%) | 799 (8.4%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | ||
≤ 18.50 | 15 (2.5%) | 111 (1.2%) | |
18.51-25 | 118 (19.9%) | 2665 (27.9%) | |
25.01-30 | 167 (28.1%) | 3213 (33.6%) | |
> 30 | 294 (49.5%) | 3560 (37.3%) | |
Smoking | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 398 (67.0%) | 4215 (44.1%) | |
No | 196 (33.0%) | 5334 (55.9%) | |
Dietary calcium intake (mg/day) | 0.001 | ||
Quartile 1 (≤ 543) | 181 (30.5%) | 2360 (24.7%) | |
Quartile 2 (544–829) | 158 (26.6%) | 2375 (24.9%) | |
Quartile 3 (830–1199) | 117 (19.7%) | 2419 (25.3%) | |
Quartile 4 (> 1200) | 138 (23.2%) | 2395 (25.1%) | |
FEV1 (L) | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
FVC (L) | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |