Table 2 Participant characteristics and airflow obstruction
From: Association of dietary calcium intake with chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Variables | Airflow obstruction (N = 1318) | No airflow obstruction (N = 8825) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.0 ± 14.3 | 44.3 ± 15.6 | < 0.001 |
Gender | < 0.001 | ||
Male | 809 (61.4%) | 4157 (47.1%) | |
Female | 509 (38.6%) | 4668 (52.9%) | |
Race | < 0.001 | ||
Mexican American | 90 (6.8%) | 1483 (16.8%) | |
Other Hispanic | 84 (6.4%) | 938 (10.6%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 841 (63.8%) | 3861 (43.8%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 247 (18.7%) | 1803 (20.4%) | |
Other Race | 56 (4.2%) | 740 (8.4%) | |
Education | < 0.001 | ||
Less than 9th grade | 124 (9.4%) | 716 (8.1%) | |
9-11th grade | 239 (18.1%) | 1253 (14.2%) | |
High school graduate | 339 (25.7%) | 1927 (21.8%) | |
Some college or AA degree | 339 (25.7%) | 2729 (30.9%) | |
College graduate or above | 277 (21.0%) | 2200 (24.9%) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | 0.302 | ||
≤ 1.00 | 254 (19.3%) | 1783 (20.2%) | |
1.01-2.00 | 340 (25.8%) | 2255 (25.6%) | |
2.01-4.00 | 366 (27.8%) | 2255 (25.6%) | |
> 4.00 | 358 (27.2%) | 2532 (28.7%) | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | ||
Married | 763 (57.9%) | 4590 (52.0%) | |
Widowed | 114 (8.6%) | 349 (4.0%) | |
Divorced | 202 (15.3%) | 957 (10.8%) | |
Separated | 40 (3.0%) | 297 (3.4%) | |
Never married | 106 (8.0%) | 1887 (21.4%) | |
Living with partner | 93 (7.1%) | 745 (8.4%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | ||
≤ 18.50 | 28 (2.1%) | 98 (1.1%) | |
18.51-25 | 446 (33.8%) | 2337 (26.5%) | |
25.01-30 | 461 (35.0%) | 2919 (33.1%) | |
> 30 | 383 (29.1%) | 3471 (39.3%) | |
Smoking | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 928 (70.4%) | 3685 (41.8%) | |
No | 390 (29.6%) | 5140 (58.2%) | |
Dietary calcium intake (mg/day) | 0.021 | ||
Quartile 1 (≤ 543) | 375 (28.5%) | 2166 (21.4%) | |
Quartile 2 (544–829) | 323 (24.5%) | 2210 (25.0%) | |
Quartile 3 (830–1199) | 311 (23.6%) | 2225 (25.2%) | |
Quartile 4 (> 1200) | 309 (23.4%) | 2224 (25.2%) | |
FEV1 (L) | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
FVC (L) | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 0.013 |