Association between dietary inflammatory index and risk of chronic kidney disease and low glomerular filtration rate; a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Table 3 Subgroup analysis for the association between DII and CKD risk

Subgroup	Effect size	I²	OR	95%Cl	P between
Dietary intake assessment					< 0.001
24 h-Recall	8	88.9%	1.31	1.17–1.47
FFQ	1	-	1.92	1.52–2.42
Country					< 0.001
US	8	88.9%	1.31	1.17–1.47
Asia	1	-	1.92	1.52–2.42
Type of DII					< 0.001
DII	8	91.3%	1.39	1.21–1.60
E-DII	1	-	1.23	1.11–1.36

Abbreviation: FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; DII, dietary inflammatory index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; E-DII, estimated dietary inflammatory index

ISSN: 2072-1315