Table 1 Characteristics of RCTs included in the systematic review
From: Effect of dietary patterns on functional dyspepsia in adults: a systematic review
First author Year Country, N | Study design | Population (Diagnostic criteria) | Age mean (SD) | Female sex N (%) | Intervention | Duration | Randomization | Outcome measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wu, 2021 [24], USA N = 163 | Cross-over RCT | Adult (aged ≥ 30 y), overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), with prehypertension or hypertension | 52 (11) | 85 (52%) | DASH-style diet with higher carbohydrate, higher glycemic index (CG) DASH-style diet with higher carbohydrate, lower glycemic index (Cg) DASH-style diet with lower carbohydrate, higher glycemic index (cG) DASH-style diet with lower carbohydrate, lower glycemic index (cg) | 5 weeks Wash-out: 2 weeks | Block randomization, stratified by study site | The proportion of patients with bloating and nausea/upset stomach. |
Zhang, 2020 [25], USA N = 164 | Cross-over RCT | Healthy adult (aged ≥ 30 y), with prehypertension or hypertension | 53.1(10.8) | 74 (45%) | DASH with carbohydrate-rich diet (Carb) DASH with protein-rich diet (Prot) DASH with unsaturated fat-rich diet (Unsat) | 6 weeks Wash-out: 2–4 weeks | Stratified by clinic | The proportion of patients with bloating. The RR of patients with bloating comparing baseline with intervention diets. |
Peng, 2019 [23], USA N = 412 | RCT | Adults aged ≥ 22 with normal to high blood pressure who are not taking antihypertensive medications. | 48.2 (10) | 234 (57%) | DASH diet (32 g high-fiber) with low (max 50 mmol/d), intermediate (max 100 mmol/d), and high (max 150 mmol/d) sodium intake levels Control diet (11 g low-fiber) with low (max 50 mmol/d), intermediate (max 100 mmol/d), and high (max 150 mmol/d) sodium intake levels | 30 days each period | Stratified by clinic | Bloating/uncomfortably fullness (4-point Likert) * There is no comparison between baselines with intervention diets. |