Table 2 Results of bivariate analysis and chi-square test among factors associated with Sleep quality (SQ) among university students
Variable with category | Sleep Quality | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Bad, n = 413 (%) | Good, n = 198 (%) | Total, N = 611 (%) | |
Gender | |||
Male | 248 (69.27) | 110 (30.73) | 358 (58.59) |
Female | 165 (65.22) | 88 (34.78) | 253 (41.41) |
Age* | |||
> 20 | 14 (48.28) | 15 (51.72) | 29 (4.75) |
20–23 | 274 (66.99) | 135 (33.01) | 409 (66.94) |
> 23 | 125 (72.25) | 48 (27.75) | 173 (28.31) |
Area of residence | |||
University hall | 322 (66.8) | 160 (33.2) | 482 (78.89) |
Family | 67 (66.34) | 34 (33.66) | 101 (16.53) |
Outside campus area | 24 (85.71) | 4 (14.29) | 28 (4.58) |
Year of study | |||
1st Year | 92 (65.71) | 48 (34.29) | 140 (22.91) |
2nd Year | 110 (67.9) | 52 (32.1) | 162 (26.51 |
3rd Year | 120 (65.22) | 64 (34.78) | 184 (30.11) |
4th Year | 42 (71.19) | 17 (28.81) | 59 (9.66) |
Master’s | 49 (74.24) | 17 (25.76) | 66 (10.8) |
Self-reported health status* | |||
Good | 168 (58.33) | 120 (41.67) | 288 (47.14) |
Fair | 209 (75.72) | 67 (24.28) | 276 (45.17) |
Bad | 19 (70.37) | 8 (29.63) | 27 (4.42) |
Chronic disease | 12 (80.0) | 3 (20.0) | 15 (2.45) |
History of serious illness | 5 (100.0) | 0(0.0) | 5 (0.82) |
Purpose of using social media | |||
To stay in touch with what my friends are doing | 120 (64.86) | 65 (35.14) | 185 (30.28) |
To research/find products to buy | 33 (86.84) | 5 (13.16) | 38 (6.22) |
To find funny or entertaining content | 78 (67.83) | 37 (32.17) | 12 (1.96) |
Learning | 24 (60.0) | 16 (40.0) | 40 (6.55) |
To stay up-to-date with news and current events | 106 (65.03) | 57 (34.97) | 163 (26.68) |
Playing games | 10 (83.33) | 2 (16.67) | 12 (1.96) |
To share photos or videos with others | 11 (78.57) | 3 (21.43) | 14 (2.29) |
To initiate a topic | 6 (75.0) | 2 (25.0) | 8 (1.31) |
Because a lot of my friends are on them | 17 (73.91) | 6 (26.09) | 23 (3.76) |
Others | 8 (61.54) | 5 (38.46) | 13 (2.13) |
Social media account number* | |||
0–2 | 230 (63.71) | 131 (36.29) | 361 (59.08) |
3–4 | 133 (71.89) | 52 (28.11) | 185 (30.28) |
5–6 | 34 (80.95) | 8 (19.05) | 42 (6.87) |
7–8 | 6 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) | 10 (1.64) |
More than 9 | 10 (76.92) | 3 (23.08) | 13 (2.13) |
Social media use than real-world** | |||
Less | 153 (59.77) | 103 (40.23) | 256 (41.9) |
The same | 83 (66.94) | 41 (33.06) | 124 (20.29) |
Slightly | 77 (72.64) | 29 (27.36) | 106 (17.35) |
Much | 100 (80.0) | 25 (20.0) | 125 (20.46) |
Time spent on social media** | |||
0–2 h | 53 (49.53) | 54 (50.47) | 107 (17.51) |
2–4 h | 162 (67.5) | 78 (32.5) | 240 (39.28) |
4–6 h | 112 (72.26) | 43 (27.74) | 155 (25.37) |
6–8 h | 56 (74.67) | 19 (25.33) | 75 (12.27) |
More than 8 h | 30 (88.24) | 4 (11.76) | 34 (5.56) |
Browsing social media before bed | |||
Strongly disagree | 47 (77.05) | 14 (22.95) | 61 (9.98) |
Disagree | 121 (66.48) | 61 (33.52) | 182 (29.79) |
Neutral | 106 (65.03) | 57 (34.97) | 163 (26.68) |
Agree | 105 (65.62) | 55 (34.38) | 160 (26.19) |
Strongly agree | 34 (75.56) | 11 (24.44) | 163 (26.68) |
How many hours did you usually sleep at night in the past month?** | |||
< 5 h | 50 (96.15) | 2 (3.85) | 52 (8.51) |
5–6 h | 134 (82.21) | 29 (17.79) | 163 (26.68) |
6–7 h | 154 (66.09) | 79 (33.91) | 233 (38.13) |
7–8 h | 55 (49.11) | 57 (50.89) | 112 (18.33) |
8–9 h | 20 (48.78) | 21 (51.29) | 41 (6.71) |
> 9 h | 0 (0.0) | 10 (100.0) | 10 (1.64) |
Social media fatigue (SMF)** | |||
High score | 289 (87.84) | 40 (12.16) | 329 (53.85) |
Low score | 124 (43.97) | 158 (56.03) | 282 (46.15) |
Social media addiction (SMA)** | |||
High score | 256 (83.66) | 50 (16.34) | 306 (50.08) |
Low score | 157 (51.48) | 148 (48.52) | 305 (49.92) |
Fear of missing out (FoMO)** | |||
High score | 253 (81.35) | 58 (18.65) | 311 (50.9) |
Low score | 160 (53.33) | 140 (46.67) | 300 (49.1) |